1. Gabatarwa
Ka'idojin Nuna Aiki (PoW) sune tushen tsaro da aiki na manyan hanyoyin sadarwar blockchain kamar Bitcoin da Ethereum. Suna kiyaye littafin ma'ajiya ta hanyar sanya ƙirƙirar toshe mai tsada a lissafi. Duk da haka, babban ladan kuɗi daga hakar ma'adinai ya haifar da tseren makamai na kayan aiki, wanda ya kai ga mamayar Na'urori Masu Haɗaɗɗiyar Ayyuka na Musamman (ASICs). Waɗannan ƙananan na'urori na musamman suna ba da inganci mara misali don takamaiman ayyukan hash amma suna da tsada, suna da ƙarancin samuwa, kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga tattara hakar ma'adinai. Wannan takarda ta gabatar da HashCore, sabon aikin PoW wanda aka tsara tare da juyar da manufa: don aiwatar da shi cikin inganci akan Na'urori Masu Sarrafa Bayanai na Gabaɗaya (GPPs) da suka wanzu kuma ana samun su da yawa, kamar CPUs na x86, ta haka yana ƙarfafa kowa don shiga hakar ma'adinai.
2. Matsalar Tattara ASIC
Babbar matsalar da HashCore ke magance ita ita ce tattara ƙarfin hakar ma'adinai. Haɓaka ASIC yana buƙatar babban jari, ƙwarewa, da samun damar yin ƙananan na'urori na lantarki, yana haifar da manyan shinge don shiga. Wannan yana haifar da yanayin hakar ma'adinai da wasu manyan ƙungiyoyi ke sarrafawa, wanda ya saba wa ka'idar rarraba fasahar blockchain. Tarin ƙarfin hash kuma yana ƙara raunin hanyar sadarwa ga hare-haren 51% idan wata ƙungiya ko ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta sami rinjaye.
3. HashCore: Babban Manufa & Ɗabi'a
HashCore yana juyar da matsala ta al'ada na inganta ASIC. Maimakon tsara kayan aiki don tsayayyen algorithm, yana tsara algorithm da aka inganta don kayan aiki da suka wanzu, waɗanda aka yi da yawa. Babban fahimta shine cewa GPPs sun riga sun kasance "ASICs" da aka inganta sosai don ayyukan lissafi na gama gari, kamar waɗanda aka ayyana ta hanyar jerin ma'auni kamar SPEC CPU 2017.
3.1. Binciken Ma'auni Mai Juyawa
Hanyar, wacce ake kira binciken ma'auni mai juyawa, ta ƙunshi ƙirƙirar aikin PoW bisa ga ainihin ayyukan da masu tsara CPU ke kashe biliyoyin daloli da shekaru na Bincike & Ci Gaba don inganta su. Ta yin haka, HashCore yana tabbatar da cewa mafi inganciyar "ma'adanin" don algorithm ɗinsa ita ce CPU ta al'ada, mai sauƙin saye.
3.2. Tsarin Gine-gine na Widget
HashCore ba aikin hash guda ɗaya ba ne amma aikin meta wanda ya ƙunshi "widgets" da aka samar da su bisa tsari. Kowane widget ƙaramin jerin umarni na gabaɗaya ne da aka samar da su bisa tsari, wanda aka tsara don damuwa da mahimman albarkatun lissafi na GPP (ALU, FPU, cache, bandwidth na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya). Gabaɗayan PoW ya ƙunshi aiwatar da sarkar waɗannan widgets akan shigarwa (shugaban toshe + nonce).
4. Binciken Fasaha & Tabbacin Tsaro
4.1. Tabbacin Juriya ga Karon Kira
Takardar tana ba da tabbaci na yau da kullun cewa HashCore yana da juriya ga karon kira, ana ɗaukan cewa ainihin abubuwan sirri na sirri da aka yi amfani da su a cikin widgets suna da tsaro. Tabbacin ya dogara ne akan tsarin sarkar widget da bazuwar samar da su, yana tabbatar da cewa gano shigarwa daban-daban guda biyu waɗanda ke haifar da irin wannan sakamako na ƙarshe na hash ba zai yiwu ba a lissafi.
4.2. Tsarin Lissafi
Za a iya wakilta ainihin aikin HashCore a taƙaice. Bari $W_i$ ya zama aikin widget na $i$-th, $G(seed)$ ya zama mai samar da widget na bazuwar, kuma $H$ ya zama hash na sirri na al'ada (misali, SHA-256) da ake amfani da shi don kammalawa. Don shigarwa $x$ (shugaban toshe + nonce):
$\text{seed} = H(x)$
$(W_1, W_2, ..., W_n) = G(\text{seed})$
$\text{intermediate}_0 = x$
$\text{intermediate}_i = W_i(\text{intermediate}_{i-1})$ don $i = 1$ zuwa $n$
$\text{HashCore}(x) = H(\text{intermediate}_n)$
Sarkar mai tsawon madaidaicin $n$ da jerin widget masu dogaro da bayanai suna sanya lissafin farko da inganta ASIC matukar wahala.
5. Sakamakon Gwaji & Aiki
Sakamakon Kwaikwayo: Takardar tana gabatar da kwaikwayo da ke kwatanta aikin HashCore akan CPU na x86 na zamani da na ASIC na ka'idar da aka inganta don hash na al'ada (misali, SHA-256). Babban ma'auni shine Joules kowace Hash. Yayin da ASIC ke riƙe da fa'ida ta cikakke a cikin ɗimbin aiki don aikinta na keɓantacce, fa'idar aikinta akan CPU lokacin da yake gudanar da HashCore ta kasance ƙarami (ana ƙiyasin ƙasa da 10x), idan aka kwatanta da fa'idar 1000x+ don SHA-256. Wannan "matse tazarar aiki" shine babban ma'aunin nasara.
Bayanin Chati (Ra'ayi): Chati na sanduna zai nuna "Ingancin Makamashi (J/Hash)" akan Y-axis. Sanduna uku: 1) SHA-256 akan ASIC (gajeren sanduna sosai, mai inganci sosai). 2) SHA-256 akan CPU (sanduna mai tsayi sosai, mara inganci). 3) HashCore akan CPU (sanduna kawai ɗan tsayi fiye da Sanduna 1, yana nuna kusan ingancin ASIC akan kayan aiki na kayayyaki). Tazarar tsakanin Sanduna 1 da Sanduna 3 ƙanƙanta ce, yana nuna manufar HashCore a zahiri.
6. Tsarin Bincike & Nazarin Lamari
Tsarin don Kimanta Juriyar PoW ga ASIC: Don tantance iƙirari kamar na HashCore, masu bincike yakamata su bincika: 1) Rikitarwar Algorithm & Iri-iri: Shin yana amfani da gaurayawan ayyukan CPU da ba a iya faɗi ba (lamba, maki masu iyo, rassan, ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya)? 2) Taurin Ƙwaƙwalwar Ajiya: Shin yana buƙatar babban damar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai sauri wanda yake da tsada don aiwatarwa a cikin ASICs? 3) Dogaro da Tsari: Shin za a iya yin aikin a layi ɗaya cikin sauƙi? 4) Daidaituwar Ma'auni: Yaya kusancinsa da ma'auni na CPU na masana'antu?
Nazarin Lamari - Bambanci da Ethash (Tsohon PoW na Ethereum): Ethash shima an tsara shi don juriya ga ASIC ta hanyar taurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (DAG). Duk da haka, ASICs don Ethash sun bayyana a ƙarshe. Hanyar HashCore ta fi mahimmanci: tana kai hari ga tsarin tattalin arziƙin haɓaka ASIC ta hanyar sanya dandalin kayan aikin da aka yi niyya (GPP) ya zama abin da ke motsawa, mai rikitarwa, kuma an inganta shi ta hanyar kasuwanci, kama da yadda hanyoyin sadarwa masu adawa a cikin CycleGAN suke koyon samar da bayanai waɗanda ba za a iya bambanta su da yankin da aka yi niyya ba. A zahiri HashCore yana tilasta wa masu tsara ASIC "sake ƙirƙirar CPU," aiki mai tsadar gaske da rikitarwa.
7. Ayyukan Gaba & Ci Gaba
- Ƙaddamar da Sabbin Kuɗin Dijital: HashCore shine ɗan takara mai kyau don ainihin algorithm na PoW na sabbin blockchains waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga rarraba da shiga hakar ma'adinai na gama gari tun daga farko.
- Tsarin Haɗin PoW/PoS (Nuna Hannun Jari): HashCore zai iya zama ɓangaren mai nauyin lissafi, mai juriya ga ASIC a cikin tsarin yarjejeniya na gaurayawa, yana haɓaka tsaro na tushen hannun jari.
- Kasuwannin Lissafi Masu Rarrabawa: Za a iya ƙaddamar da tsarin tushen widget don ƙirƙirar aiki mai amfani da za a iya tabbatar da shi, inda widgets ke aiwatar da gutsuttsuran lissafin kimiyya na zahiri da za a iya tabbatar da su (misali, kwaikwayon nadawa furotin mai kama da Folding@home), suna matsawa zuwa "Nuna Aiki Mai Amfani."
- Matsala Mai Daidaitawa & Juyin Halittar Kayan Aiki: Aikin gaba ya ƙunshi sanya mai samar da widget ya zama mai daidaitawa, don haka PoW "ya samo asali" tare da ci gaban gine-ginen GPP (misali, yana jaddada sabbin raka'a AVX-512 ko lissafin matrix), yana kiyaye abin da aka yi niyya na motsi na dindindin ga masu tsara ASIC.
8. Nassoshi
- Georghiades, Y., Flolid, S., & Vishwanath, S. (Shekara). HashCore: Ayyukan Nuna Aiki don Na'urori Masu Sarrafa Bayanai na Gabaɗaya. [Sunan Taro/Jarida].
- Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Tsakanin Mutane.
- Back, A. (2002). Hashcash - Maganin Hana Sabis.
- SPEC CPU 2017. Ƙungiyar Ƙimar Ayyuka ta Al'ada. https://www.spec.org/cpu2017/
- Zhu, J., Park, T., Isola, P., & Efros, A. A. (2017). Fassarar Hotuna-zuwa-Hoto mara Haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da Hanyoyin Sadarwa masu Adawa na Tsarin Zagayowar. A cikin Proceedings na taron kwamfuta na duniya na IEEE (shafi na 2223-2232).
- Buterin, V. (2013). Takarda Fari na Ethereum: Dandalin Yarjejeniya Mai Hikima na Gaba da Dandalin Aikace-aikacen Rarrabawa.
9. Binciken Kwararru & Sharhi
Babban Fahimta
HashCore ba wani algorithm ne kawai na "juriya ga ASIC" ba; yana juyar da dabarar tseren makamai na tattalin arziƙin sirri. Marubutan sun gano daidai cewa tushen tattara hakar ma'adinai ba kawai ƙirar algorithm ba ne, amma rashin daidaituwar tattalin arziƙi tsakanin tsara ASIC mai manufa ɗaya da dandalin lissafi na gabaɗaya na duniya wanda aka inganta, wanda ke darajar biliyoyin daloli. Hikimarsu ta ta'allaka ne da amfani da kashe kuɗin Bincike & Ci Gaba na dukan masana'antar ƙananan na'urori na lantarki a kan masu haɓaka ASIC na musamman. Ta hanyar daidaita PoW tare da ma'auni na SPEC CPU—ainihin rahoton da ke motsa shawarwarin gine-ginen Intel da AMD—HashCore yana sanya kowane zagayowar haɓaka CPU a zahiri haɓaka ASIC ga ma'adanansa, kyauta. Wannan fahimta ce mai zurfi fiye da ƙara taurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kawai, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin magabata kamar Ethash ko dangin CryptoNight da Monero ke amfani da su.
Tsarin Ma'ana
Ma'anar takardar tana da gamsarwa amma ta dogara ne akan zato mai mahimmanci, wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba: cewa samar da bazuwar na "widgets" masu damun CPU na iya, a aikace, ƙirƙirar aikin da ya fi dacewa daidai a duk faɗin nau'ikan ƙananan gine-ginen CPU (Intel vs. AMD vs. ARM) kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa haka tsawon lokaci. Duk da yake ka'idar "binciken ma'auni mai juyawa" tana da inganci, aiwatar da ita tana da rikitarwa sosai. Haɗarin shine ƙirƙirar PoW wanda ba da gangan ba ya fifita takamaiman mai sayar da CPU na aiwatar da, a ce, umarnin AVX-512, kawai yana sake ƙirƙirar tattara ASIC ƙarƙashin wani suna daban—"tattara alamar CPU." Marubutan sun yarda da wannan amma sun mika mafita zuwa "widgets" masu daidaitawa na gaba. Wannan shine babban gibi tsakanin ka'idar kyakkyawa da turawa, aiwatarwa na zahiri.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai
Ƙarfi: Babban ka'idar tattalin arziƙi da tsaro tana da haske. Tabbacin yau da kullun na juriya ga karon kira yana ba da amintaccen sirri na sirri. Hanyar tushen widget tana ba da sassauƙa ta asali kuma hanya ce mai wayo don ƙirƙirar "abin da aka yi niyya mai motsi." Yana magance matsala ta samun dama kai tsaye, yana ba da damar biliyoyin na'urori da suka wanzu su shiga cikin yarjejeniya da ma'ana.
Kurakurai & Haɗari: Babban aibin shine rikitarwar aiwatarwa da ɗimbin tabbatarwa. Kowane ma'adinai dole ne ya samar da aiwatar da keɓaɓɓun widgets na lambobi. Wannan yana haifar da manyan matsalolin tsaro—yaya a hana mugayen widgets rushewa ko cin amanar ma'adanai? Tabbacin toshe ya zama mai ƙarfin lissafi fiye da na al'ada na PoW. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda ƙungiyar SPEC da kanta ta lura, ana iya yin wasa da ma'auni. Idan algorithm ɗin samar da widget ya zama mai iya faɗi, masu tsara ASIC za su iya ƙirƙirar ƙananan na'urori waɗanda suka yi fice a mafi yawan yuwuwar alamu na widget, suna karya samfurin. Takardar kuma ta yi watsi da juyin halittar masana'antu zuwa Nuna Hannun Jari (PoS), kamar yadda Haɗin Ethereum ya ba da gudummawa, wanda ke nufin magance tattarawa ta hanyar kawar da gasar kayan aiki gaba ɗaya.
Fahimta Mai Aiki
Ga masu gine-ginen blockchain: Gwada HashCore a cikin hanyar sadarwar gwaji ko gefen sarka nan da nan. Gwada mai samar da widget don son kai da raunin tsaro. Yi haɗin gwiwa tare da masu kera CPU don fahimtar taswirar gine-ginen gaba, mai yuwuwa sanya HashCore ya zama ma'auni na haɗin gwiwa.
Ga masu zuba jari da ma'adanai: Kalli HashCore ba a matsayin mai fafatawa kai tsaye da Bitcoin ba, amma a matsayin babban ɗan takara na ƙarni na gaba na tsabar kuɗi masu rarrabawa, waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan al'umma. Nasararsa ta dogara ne akan al'ummar da ke daraja hakar ma'adinai na daidaito fiye da inganci kawai. Saka idanu ayyukan da suka karɓi shi kuma a tantance rarraba ƙarfin hash na zahiri.
Ga masu kera ASIC: Rubutun yana kan bango. Dogon yanayin ya saba wa ƙananan na'urorin hakar ma'adinai na aiki guda ɗaya, tsayayyen algorithm. Rarraba zuwa wurare kamar hanzari na tabbacin sifili ko yadudduka na samun damar bayanan blockchain na zamani, waɗanda ke wakiltar iyaka na gaba na kayan aikin sirri na sirri, amma mai dorewa.
A ƙarshe, HashCore babban bincike ne wanda ke canza tsarin PoW. Duk da yake ƙalubalen aiki suna da mahimmanci, ainihin ra'ayinsa—amfani da tattalin arziƙin lissafi na gabaɗaya—shine mafi ingantacciyar hanyar ci gaba don kiyaye yarjejeniya mai rarrabawa, mai tushen lissafi a cikin duniyar bayan ASIC. Ya cancanci gwaji na zahiri mai tsauri.