Cire Zafi daga Hakar Kudi na Dijital ta Hanyar Fasahar Sanyaya Ruwa: Bincike & Fahimta

1. Gabatarwa

Hakar Bitcoin tsari ne mai cinye makamashi mai yawa, tare da cibiyar sadarwar duniya tana cinye kimanin TWh 150 a shekara—wanda ya zarce amfani da wutar lantarki na ƙasashe gaba ɗaya kamar Argentina. A al'ada, babban makamashin zafi da aka samar ta hanyar hakar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na musamman (ASICs) ana ɓatar da shi cikin muhalli ta hanyar sanyaya iska. Wannan takarda ta gabatar da sauyin tsari: ingantaccen tsarin cire zafi ta amfani da sanyaya ruwa mai fesa kai tsaye. Tsarin yana ɗaukar zafin da ake ɓata a matakin da ake iya amfani da shi (har zuwa 70°C), yana mai da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai daga masu amfani da makamashi kawai zuwa masu samar da makamashin zafi na yuwu don dumama gine-gine, hanyoyin sadarwa na yanki, ko ayyukan masana'antu.

2. Ƙirar Tsari & Hanyoyin Aiki

Babban ƙirƙira shine tsarin sanyaya ruwa mai rufaffiyar madauki wanda aka ƙera don na'urorin hakar kudi na dijital.

2.1 Tsarin Sanyaya Ruwa Mai Fesa

Ana ajiye masu hakar ma'adinai a cikin wani rufaffiyar akwati kuma ana sanyaya su ta hanyar fesa ruwan sanyaya mai hana wutar lantarki kai tsaye a kan guntu masu zafi. Wannan hanyar tana ba da mafi girman ma'auni na canja wurin zafi idan aka kwatanta da iska ko ma sanyaya nutsewa, yana ba da damar ruwan sanyaya ya ɗauki zafi yadda ya kamata yayin da yake kiyaye yanayin zafi na guntu a cikin iyakokin aiki masu aminci (<85°C). Gwajin filin ya kai matsakaicin zafin ruwan sanyaya na 70°C.

2.2 Mai Musanya Zafi & Tankin Ruwan Zafi

Ruwan sanyaya mai zafi yana yawo ta cikin na'urar musanya zafi mai siffar kwalliya da aka nutsar a cikin tankin ruwan zafi mai kariya na lita 190. Ana canja makamashin zafi zuwa ruwan, wanda za'a iya amfani da shi kai tsaye ko kuma a matsayin tushen injin ɗaukar zafi. Wannan ƙirar ta cika mafi ƙarancin buƙatun 60°C don sarrafa haɗarin cutar legionella bisa ƙa'idar ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188-2018.

3. Binciken Fasaha & Ma'auni

3.1 Makamashi vs. Exergy: Sake Fassara PUE

Babban gudummawar ka'idar takardar ita ce sake fassara ma'aunin Tasirin Amfani da Wutar Lantarki (PUE). PUE na al'ada (na tushen makamashi) yana la'akari da adadin makamashi kawai. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar PUE na tushen exergy, wanda ke kimanta inganci ko yuwuwar aiki mai amfani na kwararar makamashi.

• PUE na Tushen Makamashi: 1.03 (Jimlar Makamashin Wuraren Aiki / Makamashin Kayan Aikin IT). Ƙaramin sama da 1 yana nuna ƙaramin ƙarin farashi.
• PUE na Tushen Exergy: 0.95 (Exergy na Fitowar Zafi Mai Amfani / Exergy da aka Shigar da Kayan Aikin IT). Ƙimar da ke ƙasa da 1 tana nuna cewa fitowar exergy mai amfani (zafi mai inganci) ta ɗan ƙasa da shigarwar exergy ta lantarki, amma tana lissafin ƙimar zafin da aka dawo da shi da gaske.

Wannan sauyi yana da mahimmanci. Yana motsa kimantawa daga "nawa ne zafin da ake ɓata ake samarwa" zuwa "nawa ne zafin mai ƙima aka dawo," yana daidaita kimantawa na tattalin arziki da muhalli.

3.2 Tsarin Lissafi

Exergy na kwararar zafi a zafin jiki $T$ (a cikin Kelvin) dangane da yanayin yanayi $T_0$ ana bayar da shi ta hanyar ma'aunin Carnot: $$\text{Exergy}_{\text{thermal}} = Q \cdot \left(1 - \frac{T_0}{T}\right)$$ inda $Q$ shine ƙimar canja wurin zafi. PUE na tushen exergy ($PUE_{ex}$) shine: $$PUE_{ex} = \frac{\text{Exergy}_{\text{input, electrical}} + \text{Exergy}_{\text{input, other}}}{\text{Exergy}_{\text{IT equipment}} + \text{Exergy}_{\text{useful heat output}}}$$ Don wutar lantarki, exergy yana daidai da makamashi. $PUE_{ex}$ na 0.95 da aka ruwaito ya tabbatar da ingancin tsarin wajen haɓaka zafin da ake ɓata.

4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Aiki

Tsarin samfuri ya yi nasarar nuna aiki mai ƙarfi. Sanyaya ruwa mai fesa ya kiyaye yanayin zafi na haɗin ASIC a cikin iyakoki masu aminci yayin da yake cimma manufar fitar da zafin ruwan sanyaya na 70°C. Wannan zafin jiki yana da mahimmanci saboda:

1. Ya zarce bakin kofa na 60°C don amincin ruwan zafi na gida.
2. Yana ba da zafin jiki mai isa don zama tushen ingantaccen hanyar sadarwar dumama yanki ko kuma don tuka injin ɗaukar zafi mai ƙarfi yadda ya kamata, yana ƙara Ƙimar Aiki (COP).

Bayanin Jadawali (A fakaice): Jadawali mai layi zai nuna haɓaka mai ƙarfi a cikin zafin ruwan sanyaya daga yanayi (~20°C) zuwa wani fili a 70°C yayin da nauyin hakar ya kai 100%. Layi na biyu zai nuna zafin ASIC yana daidaitawa sosai ƙasa da 85°C, yana nuna ingantaccen sanyaya. Jadawalin yana nuna ikon tsarin na cire zafi mai inganci ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba.

5. Binciken Kwatance & Nazarin Lamura

Takardar ta bambanta sanyaya ruwa da hanyoyin da ake amfani da su:

• Sanyaya Iska: Binciken da aka ambata [3] ya nuna kawai 5.5–30.5% zafin da za a iya dawo da shi daga gonar 1 MW saboda ƙarancin zafin iska da zafin jiki. Har zuwa 94.5% na makamashin zafi ana ɓatar da shi.
• Sanyaya Ruwa Mai Nutsewa: Yana ba da ingantaccen canja wurin zafi fiye da iska amma bazai iya cimma zafin ruwan sanyaya mai girma kamar fesa kai tsaye don iyakar zafin guntu ba.
• Nazarin Lamura - Blockchain Dome [5,6]: Kowace kubba 1.5 MW tana samar da BTU/h 5,000,000 na iska mai zafi don gidajen ganyaye, yana nuna aikace-aikacen kai tsaye, ko da yake ƙasa da inganci, na zafin hakar ma'adinai.

Tsarin fesa ruwa da aka gabatar ya sanya kansa a matsayin mafi kyawun mafita don haɓaka duka adadi da inganci (exergy) na zafin da aka dawo.

6. Tsarin Bincike: Cikakkiyar Fahimta & Zargi

Cikakkiyar Fahimta: Wannan bincike ba kawai game da sanyaya masu hakar ma'adinai mafi kyau ba ne; yana da tushen sake sanya sunan rawar hakar kudi na dijital a cikin tsarin makamashi. Ta hanyar amfani da ingantacciyar sanyaya ruwa mai fesa da kuma goyon bayan binciken exergy, marubutan sun yi nasarar sake tsara na'urorin hakar ma'adinai daga "masu cinye makamashi" zuwa "tashoshin wutar lantarki na zafi masu rarrabawa, masu iya aikawa." Sakamakon 70°C da aka cimma shine mai canza wasa—yana canza zafin da ake ɓata daga abin da ke buƙatar ɓata kuɗi mai tsada zuwa kayayyaki masu kasuwa waɗanda suka dace da gine-gine da kayan aikin dumama gundumomi.

Kwararar Hankali: Hujjar tana ci gaba da hankali daga matsalar (babban ɓarnar makamashi) zuwa ingantacciyar mafita ta fasaha (sanyaya fesa), wanda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar ma'auni mafi girma (PUE na tushen exergy). Ambaton Ƙa'idar ASHRAE 188 wani babban nasara ne, domin yana magance kai tsaye babban cikas na ƙa'ida don amfani da zafin da aka dawo a cikin tsarin ruwa.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfi: PUE na tushen exergy ma'auni ne mai haske, mai tsananin ilimi wanda ya kamata ya zama ma'auni na masana'antu. Bayanan aiki na 70°C yana da gamsarwa kuma mai amfani. Sauƙin ƙira—fesa, tattara, musanya—yana da kyau. Kurakurai: Binciken ya yi shiru musamman game da CapEx da OpEx. Ruwan sanyaya mai hana wutar lantarki yana da tsada, kuma kulawar tsarin (famfo, bututu, tacewa) ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba. Takardar kuma ta yi watsi da girman tsarin da ƙalubalen shirye-shiryen haɗa fitar da zafi tare da buƙatun da ke da sauye-sauye sosai, wani batu da aka tattauna sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen dumama gundumomi daga Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA).

Fahimta Mai Aiki: 1. Ga Masu Gudanar da Hakar Ma'adinai: Gwada wannan fasahar ba kawai don inganta PUE ba, amma don ƙirƙirar sabon layin kudaden shiga ta hanyar sayar da zafi. Haɗa kai tare da masu sarrafa gidajen ganyaye ko masu amfani da dumama gundumomi tun daga ranar farko. 2. Ga Masu Tsara Manufofi: Ƙarfafa dawo da exergy, ba kawai ingantaccen amfani da makamashi ba. Ƙimar haraji ko ramuwar carbon ya kamata a haɗa su da ma'auni kamar $PUE_{ex}$ < 1. 3. Ga Masu Bincike: Mataki na gaba shine cikakken binciken fasaha-tattalin arziki (TEA) da Kimanta Tsarin Rayuwa (LCA). Kwatanta sakamakon muhalli na rage carbon daga maye gurbin zafi da tasirin samar da ruwan sanyaya da samar da tsarin.

7. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Jagorori

Yuwuwar ya wuce ruwan zafi na gida.

1. Haɗaɗɗun Tsarin Makamashi: Wuraren hakar ma'adinai na iya zama kadarorin zafi masu sassauƙa a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa masu wayo, suna ba da zafi a lokacin buƙatu mai yawa ko adana shi ta hanyar zafi.
2. Haɗin Kai na Masana'antu: Haɗa hakar ma'adinai tare da masana'antu masu buƙatar zafi mara inganci (misali, bushewar abinci, bushewar katako, hanyoyin sinadarai).
3. Ƙarfafa don Injin Daukar Zafi: Yin amfani da fitarwa na 70°C a matsayin tushe zai iya ƙara ƙimar COP na injin ɗaukar zafi na tushen iska ko ƙasa a cikin yanayi mai sanyi, ra'ayin da bincike daga Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa ta Ƙasa (NREL) ke goyon bayan.
4. Ci gaban Kayan Aiki & Sarrafawa: Aikin gaba ya kamata a bincika nanofluids don haɓaka canja wurin zafi da tsarin sarrafawa na AI don daidaita ciniki tsakanin aikin guntu, zafin ruwan sanyaya, da buƙatar zafi na mai amfani na ƙarshe.

8. Nassoshi

1. Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index. (2023). Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance.
2. ASHRAE. (2021). Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments.
3. Hampus, A. (2021). Waste Heat Recovery from Bitcoin Mining. Chalmers University of Technology.
4. Enachescu, M. (2022). Carbon Abatement via Data Centre Waste Heat Reuse. Journal of Cleaner Production.
5. Agrodome. (2020). Blockchain Dome Whitepaper.
6. United American Corp. Press Release. (July, 2018).
7. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2022). District Heating Systems.
8. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (2023). Advanced Heat Pump Systems.
9. Zhu, J., et al. (2017). Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks (CycleGAN). IEEE ICCV. (Misali na ingantaccen tsarin hanyoyin aiki daga kimiyyar kwamfuta, mai kama da tsarin exergy a nan.)