SoK: Ra'ayoyin Bincike da Kalubale don Bitcoin da Kudi na Sirri

1. Dalilin da ya sa Bitcoin ya cancanci Bincike

Takardar ta fara ne da magance ra'ayoyi biyu masu gaba da juna, masu sauƙi game da Bitcoin. Na farko shine ra'ayin aiki cewa "Bitcoin yana aiki a aikace, amma ba a ka'ida ba," wanda al'ummarsa ke riƙe da shi. Na biyu kuma shine watsi da ilimi cewa kwanciyar hankalin Bitcoin ya dogara da abubuwan da ba a iya warwarewa na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wanda ya sa nazari na yau da kullun ya zama banza. Marubutan suna jayayya cewa duka ra'ayoyin suna da aibi. Duk da cewa Bitcoin ya nuna juriya mai ban mamaki, fahimtar dalilin da yake aiki da kuma ko zai ci gaba da yin hakan a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu canzawa (girma, canjin abubuwan ƙarfafa ma'adinai, matsin lamba na waje) kalubale ne mai mahimmanci na kimiyyar kwamfuta. A akasin haka, nasarar da Bitcoin ya samu na yin yarjejeniya a cikin yanayin rashin amana, mara izini—wata matsala da ake ɗauka a al'ada ba za a iya yiwuwa ba—gudummawa ce ta asali wacce ke da tasiri fiye da kuɗi, gami da suna mai rarrabawa, saita lokaci, da kwangilori masu wayo. Saboda haka, duk da wahalar ƙirƙira, Bitcoin ya cancanci kulawar bincike mai zurfi.

2. Rarraba Babban Sassa na Bitcoin

Wani muhimmin gudummawar wannan takarda ita ce tsarin rarraba ƙirar Bitcoin guda ɗaya zuwa manyan sassa uku masu zaman kansu. Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar yin nazari da ƙirƙira mai haske.

2.1 Tsarin Yarjejeniya (Yarjejeniyar Nakamoto)

Wannan shine ka'idar don cimma yarjejeniya kan tarihin ciniki guda ɗaya a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta tsakanin mutane ba tare da wata hukuma ta tsakiya ba. Ya dogara da Shaidar Aiki da ka'idar mafi tsayin sarkar.

2.2 Rarraba Kudi & Manufofin Kuɗi

Wannan yana bayyana yadda ake ƙirƙirar sabbin bitcoins da rarraba su (misali, ga ma'adinai a matsayin ladan toshe) da kuma tsarin wadatar gabaɗaya (wanda ya ƙare a miliyan 21).

2.3 Wasa na Lissafi (Shaidar Aiki)

Wannan shine takamaiman wasan hash na sirri (SHA-256) da ake amfani da shi don kiyaye tsarin yarjejeniya ta hanyar sanya farashi akan ƙirƙirar toshe. Yana iya rabuwa da dabaru na yarjejeniya da kansa.

3. Nazarin Kwatancen Sharuɗɗan Canji da aka Tsara

Takardar ta bincika faɗin sararin ƙira da aka buɗe ta hanyar raba sassan Bitcoin.

3.1 Madadin Hanyoyin Yarjejeniya

Nazarin ya ƙunshi shawarwari kamar Shaidar Hago (PoS), inda haƙƙin tabbatarwa ya dogara da mallakar tsabar kuɗi, Shaidar Hago da aka Wakilta (DPoS), da bambance-bambancen da suka dogara da Rashin Lafiyar Byzantine (BFT). An tsara ciniki tsakanin ingantaccen amfani da makamashi, zato na tsaro (matsalar "babu abin da ke cikin hatsari" a cikin PoS), da rarrabawa.

3.2 Sharuɗɗan Haɓaka Sirri & Sirrin Suna

An kimanta sirrin suna na Bitcoin a matsayin mai rauni. Takardar ta ba da tsari don nazarin hanyoyin magance sirri kamar Haɗa Tsabar Kuɗi (gauraya ciniki), Ciniki na Sirri (ɓoye adadi), da Tsarin Shaida mara Ilimi (misali, zk-SNARKs da ake amfani da su a Zcash), daidaita sirrin suna, iya aiki, da iya dubawa.

4. Ka'idoji & Dabarun Kawar da Matsakaici

Takardar ta bincika yadda ra'ayoyin blockchain zasu iya kawar da masu shiga tsakani masu aminci (kawar da matsakaici) a cikin aikace-aikace kamar kwangilori masu wayo da kasuwanni masu rarrabawa.

4.1 Dabarun Kawar da Matsakaici Guda Uku na Gabaɗaya

Rubutun kullewa da buɗewa: Yin amfani da tsarin rubutun Bitcoin don tilasta sharuɗɗan kwangila.
Injin jihohi masu maimaitawa: Dandamali kamar Ethereum waɗanda ke aiwatar da lambobi a duk faɗin nodes.
Ƙananan sarkoki da kadarorin da aka ɗaure: Ba da damar kadarori su motsa tsakanin sarkoki daban-daban na blockchain.

4.2 Cikakken Kwatancen Dabarun

An kwatanta dabarun a fannoni kamar sarkakiya, sassauci, garantin tsaro, da iya aiki. Takardar ta lura da tashin hankali na asali tsakanin ƙirƙirar harsunan rubutu masu ƙarfi, cikakken Turing da kuma kiyaye tsaron tsarin da hasashe.

5. Muhimman Fahimta & Kalubalen Bincike

Babban Fahimta

Nasarar Bitcoin ba sihiri ba ce; tsari ne mai haɗawa wanda kwanciyar hankalinsa ya dogara da daidaitawar da ba ta da ƙarfi amma tana aiki na sirri, ka'idar wasa, da ka'idojin tsarin rarrabawa.

Babban Kalubale

Tsara samfurin tsaro na "Yarjejeniyar Nakamoto" a ƙarƙashin samfuran maƙiyi na gaske, masu daidaitawa da kuma yanayin tattalin arziki masu canzawa har yanzu matsala ce da ba a warware ba.

Sararin Ƙira

Rarraba sassa ya bayyana babban sararin ƙira don altcoins, amma ƙirƙira a wani fanni (misali, yarjejeniya) sau da yawa yana gabatar da sabbin raunuka a wani (misali, daidaita abubuwan ƙarfafawa).

6. Nazari na Asali & Ra'ayi na Kwararru

Babban Fahimta: Wannan takarda ba bincike kawai ba ce; taƙaitaccen littafin lalata ne na asali ga yanayin tsarin kuɗin sirri. Babban ƙimarta yana cikin tsarin "rarraba" (Sashe na 2), wanda ya rushe ra'ayin farko na Bitcoin guda ɗaya. Kafin wannan, yawancin nazari suna ɗaukar Bitcoin a matsayin akwatin baƙar fata—ko dai nasara mai juyin juya hali ko zamba mai shakku. Bonneau da sauransu sun ba da kayan aikin hankali don ganin ta a matsayin saiti na tsarin da za a iya musanya, sau da yawa masu cin karo da juna: yarjejeniya, manufofin kuɗi, da lissafi. Wannan yana kama da gudummawar samfurin OSI ga hanyoyin sadarwa; ya ƙirƙiri harshe gama gari don suka da ƙirƙira. Mun ga wannan yana faruwa kai tsaye: Ethereum ya ci gaba da Shaidar Aiki amma ya canza abubuwan ƙarfafa yarjejeniya kuma ya ƙara injin jiha; daga baya, ya ƙara rabuwa ta hanyar matsawa zuwa Shaidar Hago (Haɗuwa), yana tabbatar da hangen nesa na tsarin takardar.

Motsi na Hankali: Hankalin takardar yana aikin tiyata. Da farko ta halatta Bitcoin a matsayin abu mai mahimmanci na nazari ta hanyar wargaza duka ƙwararrun ƙarfafawa da watsi da ilimi. Sa'an nan kuma ta yi aikin rarraba mahimmanci, kafa gatari na nazari. Tare da wannan tsarin, binciken gyare-gyare (Sashe na 3) da dabarun kawar da matsakaici (Sashe na 4) ya zama aikin kwatancen tsari maimakon jerin fasali. Motsi yana motsawa daga abin da Bitcoin yake, zuwa yadda za mu iya tunani game da sassansa, zuwa abin da za mu iya gina ta hanyar sake haɗa waɗannan sassan daban.

Ƙarfi & Aibobi: Babban ƙarfinta shine wannan tsarin nazari mai dorewa, wanda har yanzu yana da mahimmanci bayan shekaru goma. Tsarin kimanta sirri kuma yana da hangen nesa, yana hasashen ciniki a cikin tsabar kuɗi na sirri na yau da muhawarar tsari. Duk da haka, babban aibinta, wanda ake iya gani a baya, shine rashin kimanta mahimmancin kalubalen haɓakawa. Takardar ta taɓa batun haɓakar adadin ciniki amma ba ta sanya ƙalubalen haɓakawa uku (rarrabawa, tsaro, iya aiki) a tsakiyar nazarin sararin ƙirarta ba. Wannan ƙalubalen uku, daga baya masu bincike kamar Vitalik Buterin suka bayyana, ya zama babban tabarau don kimanta yarjejeniya da ƙirƙira na Layer-2 (misali, rollups, ƙananan sarkoki). Bugu da ƙari, yayin da yake ambaton "abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki," zamanin 2017-2024 ya nuna cewa ƙimar ma'adinai / mai cirewa (MEV), daidaita tsari, da haɗarin haɗa kuɗi na sirri (DeFi) ƙarfin zamantakewa ne waɗanda ke sake fasalin tsaro da amfani ta hanyoyin da takardar 2015 ba za ta iya cikakken hasashe ba.

Fahimta masu Aiki: Ga masu gini da masu saka hannun jari, wannan takarda ce jerin abubuwan bincike don kimanta kowane sabon kuɗin sirri ko ka'ida. Tambaya ta 1: Ta yaya take raba manyan sassa uku? Aikin da bai bayyana waɗannan a fili ba ana yi masa alama ja. Tambaya ta 2: A wane gatari na sararin ƙira (yarjejeniya, sirri, kawar da matsakaici) yake yin ƙirƙira da farko, kuma wane sanannen ciniki daga wannan binciken ya gamu? Misali, sabuwar sarkar Shaidar Hago dole ne ta sami amsa mai ban sha'awa ga "harin dogon zango" da matsalolin tsakiya na mai tabbatarwa da aka zayyana a cikin nazarin kwatancen. Tambaya ta 3: Shin dabarun sa na kawar da matsakaici (idan akwai) yana ƙara sarkakiya na tsari da yankin harin da sauri fiye da yadda yake ba da amfani? Takardar ta yi gargadin game da sarkakiyar "injin jihohi masu maimaitawa," gargadin da aka kula da shi ta hanyar jinkirin, aikin ƙirƙira na EVM na Ethereum daidai da ɓarnar da yawa akan sarkoki masu sauri. A taƙaice, ɗauki wannan takarda ba a matsayin tarihi ba, amma a matsayin nahawu mai dorewa don karanta farar takarda na gobe.

7. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Tsaron Shaidar Aiki na Bitcoin ya dogara da wahalar lissafi na juyar da aikin hash na sirri. Ana ƙirƙira yuwuwar wani maharin ya mamaye sarkar gaskiya a matsayin tseren Poisson. Bari $p$ ya zama yuwuwar sarkar gaskiya ta sami toshe na gaba, $q$ ya zama yuwuwar maharin ya sami toshe na gaba ($p + q = 1$), kuma $z$ ya zama adadin tubalan da maharin yake a baya. Yuwuwar maharin ya kama ko da yaushe daga $z$ tubalan a baya ana kusantar da shi ta hanyar:

\[ P_{\text{harin}} \approx \begin{cases} 1 & \text{idan } q > p \\\\ (q/p)^z & \text{idan } q \le p \end{cases} \]

Wannan yana nuna tsaron yana girma da ƙari tare da jagorancin $z$ lokacin da maharin yake da ƙasa da 50% na ƙimar hash ($q < p$). Wannan samfurin, duk da cewa an sauƙaƙa shi, yana goyan bayan ka'idar "6-tabbatarwa" don manyan cinikai.

Bayanin Jadawali (Ra'ayi): Jadawali da ke zana $P_{\text{harin}}$ (y-axis) akan Ƙarfin Hash na Maharin $q$ (x-axis), don ƙimar daban-daban na $z$ (tabbatarwa). Lankwasa suna nuna faɗuwa mai kaifi yayin da $q$ ya faɗi ƙasa da 0.5, kuma don ƙayyadadden $q<0.5$, $P_{\text{harin}}$ yana faɗuwa da ƙari yayin da $z$ ya ƙaru daga 1 zuwa 6. Wannan a zahiri yana nuna raguwar dawowar kan yuwuwar harin tare da ƙarin tabbatarwa.

8. Tsarin Nazari & Nazarin Shari'ar Ra'ayi

Nazarin Shari'a: Kimanta Altcoin Mai Mai da Hankali kan Sirri (misali, ra'ayoyin farko na Zcash/Monero)

Yin amfani da tsarin takardar, za mu iya lalata tsabar kuɗin sirri da aka tsara:

Yarjejeniya: Mai yiwuwa ya ci gaba da Shaidar Aiki (da farko) amma yana iya canza algorithm na hash (misali, Equihash don juriya na ASIC).
Rarraba Kudi: Yana iya samun lanƙwasa fitarwa daban (misali, fitarwa na wutsiya vs. babban hula) don ba da kuɗin ci gaba ko ƙarfafa ma'adinai.
Wasa na Lissafi: An canza daga SHA-256 zuwa algorithm mai wahalar ƙwaƙwalwa don canza yanayin tsakiyar ma'adinai.
Haɓaka Sirri: Yana aiwatar da takamaiman dabarun daga Sashe na 3.2, misali, sa hannun zobe (Monero) ko zk-SNARKs (Zcash). Wannan zaɓi yana tasiri kai tsaye ga iya aiki (zk-SNARKs suna buƙatar saiti na aminci da lissafi mai nauyi) da iya dubawa (tafkin da aka rufe gaba ɗaya ba a bayyana shi ba).
Dabarun Kawar da Matsakaici: Yana iya iyakancewa idan hadaddun kwangilori masu wayo ba su dace da zaɓin tsarin sirri ba.

Wannan tsarin nazari nan da nan ya nuna ciniki: mafi girman sirri na iya zuwa da farashin saurin tabbatarwa, binciken tsari, da kurakurai masu sarkakiya (kamar yadda aka gani a cikin raunin duniya na gaske a cikin waɗannan tsarin).

9. Ayyuka na Gaba & Jagororin Bincike

Kalubalen da takardar ta gano sun rikide zuwa manyan iyakokin bincike na yau:

Iya Aiki & Ka'idojin Layer-2: Bukatar haɓaka fiye da cinikai na kan sarkar ya haifar da bincike mai aiki akan Rollups (Mai Fata, ZK), tashoshi na jiha, da ƙananan sarkoki, suna magance batun adadin ciniki da aka tayar a Sashe na 1 kai tsaye.
Tabbatarwa na Yau da Kullun & Tsaro: Kira don ƙarin samfuran daidaitawa ya haifar da aiki akan tabbatar da ka'idojin yarjejeniya na blockchain a ka'ida (misali, ta amfani da masu duba samfura kamar TLA+) da kwangilori masu wayo (misali, tare da kayan aiki kamar Certora, Foundry).
Haɗin kai na Tsakanin Sarkoki: Dabarun kawar da matsakaici na "ƙananan sarkoki" ya faɗaɗa zuwa cikin bincike mai sarkakiya na haɗin kai don saƙon tsakanin sarkoki da canja wurin kadarori (misali, IBC, LayerZero).
Sirri na Bayan Quantum: Tsaron duk sassan sirri (sa hannu, hash, zk-shaidu) a kan maƙiyan quantum hanya ce mai mahimmanci na dogon lokaci.
Asalin Suna mai Rarrabawa & Mulki: Yin amfani da yarjejeniyar blockchain don matsaloli kamar suna da ƙungiyoyi masu cin gashin kansu (DAOs) har yanzu yanki ne mai aiki, yana fama da ƙalubalen zamantakewa-fasaha da aka nuna a cikin takardar.

10. Nassoshi

Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki Tsakanin Mutane.
Buterin, V., et al. (2014). Ethereum: Dandamalin Kwangila Mai Wayo na Gaba da Aikace-aikacen Rarrabawa. Farar Takardar Ethereum.
Lamport, L., Shostak, R., & Pease, M. (1982). Matsalar Janar na Byzantine. Canje-canjen Harsunan Shirye-shiryen ACM (TOPLAS).
Ben-Sasson, E., et al. (2014). Zerocash: Biyan Kuɗi mara Suna mai Rarrabawa daga Bitcoin. Bitar Tsaro da Sirri ta IEEE.
King, S., & Nadal, S. (2012). PPCoin: Tsabar Kuɗi Tsakanin Mutane tare da Shaidar Hago.
Garay, J., Kiayias, A., & Leonardos, N. (2015). Ka'idar Ƙarshen Bitcoin: Nazari da Aikace-aikace. EUROCRYPT.
Narayanan, A., Bonneau, J., Felten, E., Miller, A., & Goldfeder, S. (2016). Bitcoin da Fasahar Tsabar Kuɗi: Gabatarwa Cikakke. Mujallar Jami'ar Princeton.